![]() ![]() \bcancel), the outflow velocity depends on the head h (depth of flow). Thus the velocity of a fluid flowing out from an orifice can be calculated as follows: The height h corresponds to the height of the water surface above the opening (or the depth of the opening below the water surface) and m to the mass of a water particle. Conversely, energy would be destroyed if water only reached a lower height than the original water surface.įrom an energetic point of view it is therefore clear that the kinetic energy of a water particle (W kin=½⋅m⋅v d 2) can be converted at most completely into potential energy (W pot=m⋅g⋅h). But this would contradict the law of conservation of energy. The water would practically move upwards by itself. One could now fill another, even higher vessel. If this were the case, a higher vessel could be filled with this jet. The answer is: The water can flow out so strongly that the jet is not higher than the water surface (neglecting friction). In this case, the following question must be answered: At what maximum velocity can the water flow out at all, so that the law of conservation of energy is not violated? Figure: Calculation of the outflow speed of a liquid through an orifice (Torricelli’s law) The water thus flows upwards at a certain speed, which we would like to know. Near the bottom, there is an orifice pointing upwards. For this we consider a container filled with water. It is relatively easy to determine the speed at which a liquid in a vessel flows out through an opening due to the hydrostatic pressure. ![]() Outflow speed (discharge velocity) Derivation
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